http://www.stubarea.net/
http://www.ine.com/ FREE streaming CCNA R&S Exam Course just need to register!
martes, 13 de diciembre de 2011
Recommended Study Plan
This is going to be my personal opinion, everyone has different study routines, but in the end what counts is that you have gone through all the materials that are going to be covered on the exam.
Of course it also depends if you are studing by yourself or if you are attending a cisco course in the academy.
First of all I would say... Ask yourself why are you studing and why do you want to get the certification. If you dont have a job, and are looking for one, just like me, it is a good reason to prove yourself that you can achieve goals. Achieving goals gives you self-confidence and being able to maintain a study routine also proves that you are constant and have discipline.
Second, if you are sure you want to go for it. Make a study plan, it is very easy, just say for example, I will read a chapter each day, or a will read a chapter every two days, depending on the time available. But the important thing is that you advance in your studies.
Make a summary of each chapter, this will help you reread the topics and understand things that you didint see the first time. I know it sounds boring but sometimes rereading chapters even if it is just to do a quick summary it will help you remember things.
Also, dont do the exam if you dont feel you are ready, do it when you feel you've gone through everything and when you are able to answer questions quite quickly, just like if you were a router switching questions one after the next one :). Of course some of them are going to be discarded.
Yeah. well, I dont know if I am really the best person to give advice about exams. Personally I have done two cisco tests in my life, and I passed both of them the first time. I dont have a high level of certification , but I know I want a job and if this can help me get one, then I am going for it.
By the way, I'll be taking my ICND2 this Thursday, hope it goes well!!
Of course it also depends if you are studing by yourself or if you are attending a cisco course in the academy.
First of all I would say... Ask yourself why are you studing and why do you want to get the certification. If you dont have a job, and are looking for one, just like me, it is a good reason to prove yourself that you can achieve goals. Achieving goals gives you self-confidence and being able to maintain a study routine also proves that you are constant and have discipline.
Second, if you are sure you want to go for it. Make a study plan, it is very easy, just say for example, I will read a chapter each day, or a will read a chapter every two days, depending on the time available. But the important thing is that you advance in your studies.
Make a summary of each chapter, this will help you reread the topics and understand things that you didint see the first time. I know it sounds boring but sometimes rereading chapters even if it is just to do a quick summary it will help you remember things.
Also, dont do the exam if you dont feel you are ready, do it when you feel you've gone through everything and when you are able to answer questions quite quickly, just like if you were a router switching questions one after the next one :). Of course some of them are going to be discarded.
Yeah. well, I dont know if I am really the best person to give advice about exams. Personally I have done two cisco tests in my life, and I passed both of them the first time. I dont have a high level of certification , but I know I want a job and if this can help me get one, then I am going for it.
By the way, I'll be taking my ICND2 this Thursday, hope it goes well!!
lunes, 12 de diciembre de 2011
Just another OSPF summary in case you didnt find enough
OSPF Open-Shortest-Path-First (OSPF) is the most commonly used interior gateway routing protocol. It is a public routing protocol, while EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol. OSPF is a complex link-state routing protocol. Link-state routing protocols generate routing updates only when a change occurs in the network topology. When a link changes state, the device that detected the change creates a link-state advertisement (LSA) concerning that link and sends to all neighboring devices using a special multicast address. Each routing device takes a copy of the LSA, updates its link-state database (LSDB), and forwards the LSA to all neighboring devices. OSPF routers use LSA to describe its link state.
OSPF supports the following features:
OSPF packet formats: There are five different OSPF packet types. All of these packet types start with a standard 24-byte header. All OSPF packet types (other than the OSPF Hello packets) deal with lists of link state advertisements. For example, Link State Update packets employ the flooding of advertisements throughout the OSPF routing domain. All OSPF packets share a common protocol header. This header contains all the information necessary to determine whether the packet should be accepted for further processing.
The following descriptions summarize the header fields of an OSPF packet:
The various OSPF routers are as follows:
OSPF is a nonproprietary link-state protocol. Like EIGRP, OSPF offers fast convergence and is a popular enterprise routing protocol.
OSPF data structures: OSPF uses four data structures as described in the following table:
The OSPF link-state database contains the most ample set of information about the topology within a specific OSPF area. If a router is participating in more than one OSPF area, it will have more than one OSPF link-state database (one for each area). Because an OSPF link-state database contains the topology of an OSPF area, all the participating routers in that OSPF area should have identical OSPF link-state databases. Additionally, an OSPF router can store information about the redistributed routes in an OSPF link-state database.
An OSPF domain is divided into areas that are labeled with 32-bit area identifiers as follows:
OSPF operation: OSPF being a link-state protocol receives LSAs from the adjacent OSPF routers. The Dijkstra SPF algorithm takes the information contained in the LSAs to determine the shortest path to any destination within an area of the network. In a multiarea OSPF network, a backbone area (numbered area 0) must be present, and all the other areas must be connected to backbone area. A virtual link can be configured to connect a nonadjacent area with area 0 logically.
OSPF metric: OSPF uses the metric of cost , which is a function of bandwidth. The cost metric can be calculated as follows:
cost = 100,000,000 / bandwidth (in kbps)
Let's discuss a scenario where OSPF has just been enabled on two routers, R1 & R2. Before sending Hello messages, they must first choose a router ID to tell their neighbors who they are.
A router ID is an IP address used to identify the router on the network. The router ID is selected in the following sequence:
Suppose R1 has 2 loopback interfaces & 2 physical interfaces as given below:
Now you need to find out the router ID chosen by R1. As written above, the loopback interfaces are preferred to physical interfaces because they are never down, so the highest IP address of the loopback interfaces is chosen as the router-id. So R1 will choose the Loopback 2 IP address as the router-id, i.e., 11.0.0.1.
Suppose R2 has 2 physical interfaces as given below, but does not have any loopback interfaces:
Now you need to find the router ID for R2. In this case, the loopback interface is not defined, so the highest IP address of all active routers' physical interfaces will be selected as the router ID. You can see the Fa0/0 has a higher IP address, but the interface is shut down, so R2 will choose Fa0/1 as its router ID, i.e., 192.168.2.2.
Now both the routers have the router ID, and they can send Hello packets on all OSPF-enabled interfaces to determine if there are any neighbors on those links.
Key Points to Remember:
OSPF supports the following features:
- The areas in OSPF are used to minimize the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory requirements.
- A simple cost metric that can operate to support up to six equal cost paths is used in OSPF.
- It uses authentication to make sure that the OSPF updates are secure and multicast updates to safeguard the bandwidth.
- OSPF provides faster convergence times, guaranteeing updates and propagating changes across the network.
- There are no limitations such as network diameter or hop count in OSPF.
- It provides the ability to tag OSPF information introduced from any autonomous systems.
- Variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) is also supported by OSPF.
The following descriptions summarize the header fields of an OSPF packet:
The various OSPF routers are as follows:
OSPF is a nonproprietary link-state protocol. Like EIGRP, OSPF offers fast convergence and is a popular enterprise routing protocol.
| Data structure | Description |
|---|---|
| OSPF interface table | This table lists all the router interfaces that have been configured to participate in an OSPF routing process. |
| OSPF neighbor table | This table contains the OSPF neighbors that are learned via Hello packets. A neighbor is removed from this table if the neighbor has not been heard within the dead time interval or if the interface related to the neighbor goes down. |
| OSPF link-state database | This data structure contains topology information about the areas in which a router participates as well as about how to route traffic to networks located in other areas or autonomous systems. |
| OSPF Routing Information Base | The results of the OSPF shortest path first (SPF) calculations are stored in the OSPF Routing Information Base (RIB) stores. |
The OSPF link-state database contains the most ample set of information about the topology within a specific OSPF area. If a router is participating in more than one OSPF area, it will have more than one OSPF link-state database (one for each area). Because an OSPF link-state database contains the topology of an OSPF area, all the participating routers in that OSPF area should have identical OSPF link-state databases. Additionally, an OSPF router can store information about the redistributed routes in an OSPF link-state database.
An OSPF domain is divided into areas that are labeled with 32-bit area identifiers as follows:
cost = 100,000,000 / bandwidth (in kbps)
Let's discuss a scenario where OSPF has just been enabled on two routers, R1 & R2. Before sending Hello messages, they must first choose a router ID to tell their neighbors who they are.
A router ID is an IP address used to identify the router on the network. The router ID is selected in the following sequence:
- The highest IP address assigned to a loopback interface is selected as the router ID.
- If the loopback interface is not defined, the highest IP address of all active router's physical interfaces will be selected as the router ID.
- The router ID can be manually configured.
Suppose R1 has 2 loopback interfaces & 2 physical interfaces as given below:
- Loopback 0: 11.0.0.1
- Loopback 1: 10.0.0.1
- Fa0/0: 192.168.1.1
- Fa0/1: 200.168.1.1
Now you need to find out the router ID chosen by R1. As written above, the loopback interfaces are preferred to physical interfaces because they are never down, so the highest IP address of the loopback interfaces is chosen as the router-id. So R1 will choose the Loopback 2 IP address as the router-id, i.e., 11.0.0.1.
Suppose R2 has 2 physical interfaces as given below, but does not have any loopback interfaces:
- Fa0/0: 200.20.0.1 but it is shut down
- Fa0/1: 192.168.2.2 (is active)
Now you need to find the router ID for R2. In this case, the loopback interface is not defined, so the highest IP address of all active routers' physical interfaces will be selected as the router ID. You can see the Fa0/0 has a higher IP address, but the interface is shut down, so R2 will choose Fa0/1 as its router ID, i.e., 192.168.2.2.
Now both the routers have the router ID, and they can send Hello packets on all OSPF-enabled interfaces to determine if there are any neighbors on those links.
- OSPF works by using the Dijkstra algorithm. The entire routing table is transmitted once every 30 minutes.
- HELLO messages are used to maintain adjacent neighbors.
- By default, OSPF routers send Hello packets every 10 seconds on multiaccess and point-to-point segments and every 30 seconds on non-broadcast multiaccess (NBMA) segments (like Frame Relay, X.25, ATM).
- OSPF is a classless routing protocol because it does not assume the default subnet masks are used. It sends the subnet mask in the routing update.
- OSPF supports VLSM and route summarization.
- OSPF uses COST as a metric which CISCO defines as the inverse of the bandwidth.
EIGRP Theory
Read about EIGRP Theory on the following links.
EIGRP Cisco Netacad v4.0 Part 1
EIGRP Cisco Netacad v4.0 Part 2
EIGRP Cisco Netacad v4.0 Part 1
EIGRP Cisco Netacad v4.0 Part 2
viernes, 9 de diciembre de 2011
Troubleshoot PPP Configuration MyAnswer
Task 2: Find and Correct Network Errors
On R1:
- Interface Fa0/0 should be activated using the command no shutdown
- Interface S0/0/0 should have netmask 255.255.255.252 as stated on the addressing table. Also ppp encapsulation should be configured as well as the required ppp pap and chap autenthication.
-On the router ospf process, the network 172.16.0.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 does not match any interfaces, instead the network 172.16.0.0 should be published on this ospf process to match interface S0/0/0
-On interface s0/0/1 the authentication should also be set to chap.
- Username R3 password 0 cisco is missing for the link between R1 and R3.
-If you are using Packet Tracer 5.3.2 and you take the router 2621XM. The following configuration commands will not be recognized: ip classless,ip http server, control-plane
On R2:
- The line username R11 password 0 cisco should say username R1 password 0 cisco.
- Interface Loopback0 should have the ip address that is configured to Fa0/1
- Interface S0/0/0 should also have pap as authentication method.
On R3:
username R3 password 0 ciscco -> This should be username R2 password 0 class
- interface fa0/1 should have netmask of 255.255.255.128
- interface Serial0/0/1 is missing the IP address 172.16.0.6 255.255.255.252 and chap authentication.
-interface Serial0/0/0 is missing, ppp encapsulation and pap and chap authentication.
-interface Serial0/0/1 is missing the ip address and the chap authentication.
-the second and third networks advertised by ospf are wrong
On R1:
- Interface Fa0/0 should be activated using the command no shutdown
- Interface S0/0/0 should have netmask 255.255.255.252 as stated on the addressing table. Also ppp encapsulation should be configured as well as the required ppp pap and chap autenthication.
-On the router ospf process, the network 172.16.0.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 does not match any interfaces, instead the network 172.16.0.0 should be published on this ospf process to match interface S0/0/0
-On interface s0/0/1 the authentication should also be set to chap.
- Username R3 password 0 cisco is missing for the link between R1 and R3.
-If you are using Packet Tracer 5.3.2 and you take the router 2621XM. The following configuration commands will not be recognized: ip classless,ip http server, control-plane
On R2:
- The line username R11 password 0 cisco should say username R1 password 0 cisco.
- Interface Loopback0 should have the ip address that is configured to Fa0/1
- Interface S0/0/0 should also have pap as authentication method.
On R3:
username R3 password 0 ciscco -> This should be username R2 password 0 class
- interface fa0/1 should have netmask of 255.255.255.128
- interface Serial0/0/1 is missing the IP address 172.16.0.6 255.255.255.252 and chap authentication.
-interface Serial0/0/0 is missing, ppp encapsulation and pap and chap authentication.
-interface Serial0/0/1 is missing the ip address and the chap authentication.
-the second and third networks advertised by ospf are wrong
Troubleshoot PPP Configuration
Given the following Topology and Addressing Table:
Scenario:
The routers at your company were configured by inexperienced network engineer. Several errors in the configuration have resulted in connectivity issues. Your boss has asked you to troubleshoot and correct the configuration errors and document your work. Using your knowledge of PPP and standard testing methods, find and correct the errors. Make sure that all the serial links use PPP CHAP authentication, and that all the networks are reachable.
Learn objectives:
Load routers with scripts
Find and correct the network errors
Document the corrected network.
Task1. Load Routers with the supplied Scripts.
R1
enable
configure terminal
!
hostname R1
!
enable secret class
!
no ip domain lookup
!
username R2 password 0 cisco
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.128
shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface Serial0/0/0
ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.255.248
no fair-queue
clockrate 64000
!
interface Serial0/0/1
ip address 172.16.0.9 255.255.255.252
encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication pap
!
router ospf 1
log-adjacency-changes
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 0
network 172.16.0.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 172.16.0.8 0.0.0.3 area 0
!
ip classless
!
ip http server
!
control-plane
!
banner motd ^CUnauthorized access strictly prohibited and prosecuted to the
full extent of the law^C
!
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
password cisco
logging synchronous
login
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
password cisco
login
!
end
R2
enable
configure terminal
!
hostname R2
!
enable secret class
!
no ip domain lookup
!
username R11 password 0 cisco
username R3 password 0 class
!
interface Loopback0
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
no ip address
shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
ip address 209.165.200.161 255.255.255.224
shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface Serial0/0/0
ip address 172.16.0.2 255.255.255.252
encapsulation ppp
no fair-queue
ppp authentication chap
!
interface Serial0/0/1
ip address 172.16.0.5 255.255.255.252
!
router ospf 1
log-adjacency-changes
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 172.16.0.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 209.165.200.128 0.0.0.31 area 0
!
ip classless
!
ip http server
!
control-plane
!
banner motd ^CUnauthorized access strictly prohibited and prosecuted to the
full extent of the law^C
!
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
password cisco
logging synchronous
login
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
password cisco
login
!
end
R3
enable
configure terminal
!
hostname R3
!
enable secret class
!
no ip domain lookup
!
username R1 password 0 cisco
username R3 password 0 ciscco
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
no ip address
shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
ip address 10.0.0.129 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface Serial0/0/0
ip address 172.16.0.10 255.255.255.252
no fair-queue
clockrate 64000
!
interface Serial0/0/1
encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication pap
!
router ospf 1
log-adjacency-changes
network 10.0.0.128 0.0.0.127 area 0
network 192.16.0.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.16.0.8 0.0.0.3 area 0
!
ip classless
!
ip http server
!
control-plane
!
banner motd ^CUnauthorized access strictly prohibited and prosecuted to the
full extent of the law^C
!
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
password cisco
logging synchronous
login
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
password cisco
login
!
end
Task 2. Find and Correct the Network Errors.
Task3. Document the corrected Network.
miércoles, 7 de diciembre de 2011
Frame Relay Theory
Encapsulation
Cisco IOS software supports two types of Frame Relay encapsulation: the default Cisco encapsulation and the standards-based IETF encapsulation.
Commands
To define the mapping between a destination protocol address and the data-link connection identifier (DLCI) or Frame Relay permanent virtual circuit (PVC) bundle that connects to the destination address, use the frame-relay map command in interface configuration mode. To delete the map entry, use the no form of this command.
The broadcast keyword provides two functions: it forwards broadcasts when multicasting is not enabled, and it simplifies the configuration of OSPF for nonbroadcast networks that will use Frame Relay.
The broadcast keyword may also be required for some routing protocols—for example, AppleTalk—that depend on regular routing table updates, especially when the router at the remote end is waiting for a routing update packet to arrive before adding the route.
Example. Router(config-if)# frame relay map ip 10.1.1.2 102 broadcast.
Where 10.1.1.2 is the ip address of the router i want to reach and 102 is my local dlci circuit.
lunes, 5 de diciembre de 2011
Network Address Translation
1. What does CIDR stand for?
a. Classful IP Default Routing
b. Classful IP D-class Routing
c. Classful Interdomain Routing
d. Classless IP Default Routing
e. Classless IP D-class Routing
f. Classless Interdomain Routing
2. Which of the following summarized subnets represents routes that could have been created for CIDR's goal to reduce the size of Internet routing tables?
a. 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0
b. 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0
c. 200.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
d. 200.1.0.0 255.255.0.0
3. Which of the following are not private addresses according to RFC 1918?
a. 172.31.1.1
b. 172.33.1.1
c. 10.255.1.1
d. 10.1.255.1
e. 191.168.1.1
4.Which static NAT, performing translation for inside address only, what causes NAT entries to be created?
a. The first packet from the inside network to the outside network
b. The first packet from the outside network to the inside network.
c. Configuration usign the ip nat inside source commnad
d. Configuration using the ip nat outside source command
5. With dynamic NAT, performing translation for inside addresses only,what couses NAT table entries to be created?
a. The first packet from the inside network to the outside network
b. The first packet form the outside network to the inside network.
c. Configuration using the ip nat inside soruce command.
d. Configuration using the ip nat outside source command.
6. NAT has been configured to translate source addresses of packet received from the inside part of the network, but only for some hosts. Which of the following commands identifies the hosts?
a. ip nat inside source list 1 pool barney
b. ip nat pool barney 200.1.1.1 200.1.1.254 netmask 255.255.255.0
c. ip nat inside
d. ip nat inside 200.1.1.1 200.1.1.2
e. None of the other answers are correct.
7. NAT has been configured to translate source addresses of packets received from the inside part of the network, but for only some hosts. Which of the following commands identifies the outside local IP addresses that are translated?
a. ip nat inside source list 1 pool barney
b. ip nat pool barney 200.1.1.1 200.1.1.254 netmask 255.255.255.0
c. ip nat inside
d. ip nat inside 200.1.1.1 200.1.1.2
e. None of the other answers are correct.
8. Examine the following configuration commands:
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip nat inside
interface Serial 0/0
ip address 200.1.1.249 255.255.255.252
ip nat inside source list 1 interface serial0/0
access-list 1 permit 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
If the configuration is intended to enable source NAT overload, which commands could be useful to complete the configuration?
a. The ip nat outisde command
b. The ip nat pat command.
c. The overload keyword
d. The ip nat pool command.
a. Classful IP Default Routing
b. Classful IP D-class Routing
c. Classful Interdomain Routing
d. Classless IP Default Routing
e. Classless IP D-class Routing
f. Classless Interdomain Routing
2. Which of the following summarized subnets represents routes that could have been created for CIDR's goal to reduce the size of Internet routing tables?
a. 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0
b. 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0
c. 200.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
d. 200.1.0.0 255.255.0.0
3. Which of the following are not private addresses according to RFC 1918?
a. 172.31.1.1
b. 172.33.1.1
c. 10.255.1.1
d. 10.1.255.1
e. 191.168.1.1
4.Which static NAT, performing translation for inside address only, what causes NAT entries to be created?
a. The first packet from the inside network to the outside network
b. The first packet from the outside network to the inside network.
c. Configuration usign the ip nat inside source commnad
d. Configuration using the ip nat outside source command
5. With dynamic NAT, performing translation for inside addresses only,what couses NAT table entries to be created?
a. The first packet from the inside network to the outside network
b. The first packet form the outside network to the inside network.
c. Configuration using the ip nat inside soruce command.
d. Configuration using the ip nat outside source command.
6. NAT has been configured to translate source addresses of packet received from the inside part of the network, but only for some hosts. Which of the following commands identifies the hosts?
a. ip nat inside source list 1 pool barney
b. ip nat pool barney 200.1.1.1 200.1.1.254 netmask 255.255.255.0
c. ip nat inside
d. ip nat inside 200.1.1.1 200.1.1.2
e. None of the other answers are correct.
7. NAT has been configured to translate source addresses of packets received from the inside part of the network, but for only some hosts. Which of the following commands identifies the outside local IP addresses that are translated?
a. ip nat inside source list 1 pool barney
b. ip nat pool barney 200.1.1.1 200.1.1.254 netmask 255.255.255.0
c. ip nat inside
d. ip nat inside 200.1.1.1 200.1.1.2
e. None of the other answers are correct.
8. Examine the following configuration commands:
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip nat inside
interface Serial 0/0
ip address 200.1.1.249 255.255.255.252
ip nat inside source list 1 interface serial0/0
access-list 1 permit 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
If the configuration is intended to enable source NAT overload, which commands could be useful to complete the configuration?
a. The ip nat outisde command
b. The ip nat pat command.
c. The overload keyword
d. The ip nat pool command.
IP Version 6 Quiz
1. Which of the following is the most likely organization from which an enterprise could obtain an administrative
assigment of a block of IPv6 global unicast IP addresses?
a. An ISP
b. ICANN
c. An RIR
d. Global unicast addresses are not administratively assigned by an outside organtization
2. Which of the following is the shortest valid abbreviation for
FE80:0000:0000:0100:0000:0000:0000:0123?
a. FE80::100::123
b. FE8::1::123
c. FE8ß::100:0:0:123:4567
d. FE80:0:0:100::123
3. Which of the following answers lists a multicast IPv6 address?
a. 2000::1:1234:5678:9ABC
b. FD80::1:1234:5678:9ABC
c. FE80::1:1234:5678:9ABC
d. FF80::1:1234:5678:9ABC
4. Which of the following answers list either a protocol or function that cann be used by a host to dinamically learn its own IPv6 address?
a. Stateful DHCP
b. Stateless DHCP
c. Stateless autoconfiguration
d. Neighbor Discovery Protocol
5. Which of the following help allow and IPv6 host to learn the IP address of a default gateway on its subnet?
a. Stateful DHCP
b. Stateless RS
c. Stateless autoconfiguration
d. Neighbor Discovery Protocol
6. Which of the following are routing protocols that support IPv6?
a. RIPng
b. RIP-v2
c. OSPFv2
d. OSPFv3
e. OSPFv4
7. In the following configuration,this router's Fa0/0 interface has a MAC address of 4444.4444.4444
Which of the following IPv6 addresses will the interface use?
ipv6 unicast-routing
ipv6 router rip tag1
interface FastEthernet0/0
ipv6 address 3456::1/64
a. 3456::C444:44FF:FE44:4444
b. 3456::4444:44FF:FE44:4444
c. 3456::1
d: FE80::1
e. FE80::6444:44FF:FE44:4444
f. FE80::4444:4444:4444
8. In the configuration text in the previous question, RIP was not working on Interface Fa0/0. Which of the following configuration commands would enable RIP on Fa0/0?
a. network 3456::/64
b network 3456::/16
c. network 3456::1/128
d. ipv6 rip enable
e. ibv6 rip tag1 enable
9. Which of the following IPv4-to-IPv6 transition methods allows an IPv4-only host to communicate with an IPv6-only host?
a. Dual stack
b. 6to4 tunneling
c. ISATAP tunneling
d. NAT-PT
Answers.
1.A . The process starts with ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, http://www.icann.org)which owns the
entire IPv6 block space. Then ICANN assigns large address blocks to RIRs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry), the RIRs assign smaller block addresses to ISP and ISP assign smaller blocks to companies.
2.D Inside a quartet, any leading 0 can be omitted, and one sequence of 1 or more quartets of all 0s can be replaced with double colons(::). The correct answer replaces the longer 3-quartet sequence of 0s with ::
3.D Global unicast addresses begin with 2000::/3 , meaning that the first 3 bits match the value in hex 2000. Similarily, unique local addresses match FD00::/8, meaning that the first 2 hex digits are F.
4.
assigment of a block of IPv6 global unicast IP addresses?
a. An ISP
b. ICANN
c. An RIR
d. Global unicast addresses are not administratively assigned by an outside organtization
2. Which of the following is the shortest valid abbreviation for
FE80:0000:0000:0100:0000:0000:0000:0123?
a. FE80::100::123
b. FE8::1::123
c. FE8ß::100:0:0:123:4567
d. FE80:0:0:100::123
3. Which of the following answers lists a multicast IPv6 address?
a. 2000::1:1234:5678:9ABC
b. FD80::1:1234:5678:9ABC
c. FE80::1:1234:5678:9ABC
d. FF80::1:1234:5678:9ABC
4. Which of the following answers list either a protocol or function that cann be used by a host to dinamically learn its own IPv6 address?
a. Stateful DHCP
b. Stateless DHCP
c. Stateless autoconfiguration
d. Neighbor Discovery Protocol
5. Which of the following help allow and IPv6 host to learn the IP address of a default gateway on its subnet?
a. Stateful DHCP
b. Stateless RS
c. Stateless autoconfiguration
d. Neighbor Discovery Protocol
6. Which of the following are routing protocols that support IPv6?
a. RIPng
b. RIP-v2
c. OSPFv2
d. OSPFv3
e. OSPFv4
7. In the following configuration,this router's Fa0/0 interface has a MAC address of 4444.4444.4444
Which of the following IPv6 addresses will the interface use?
ipv6 unicast-routing
ipv6 router rip tag1
interface FastEthernet0/0
ipv6 address 3456::1/64
a. 3456::C444:44FF:FE44:4444
b. 3456::4444:44FF:FE44:4444
c. 3456::1
d: FE80::1
e. FE80::6444:44FF:FE44:4444
f. FE80::4444:4444:4444
8. In the configuration text in the previous question, RIP was not working on Interface Fa0/0. Which of the following configuration commands would enable RIP on Fa0/0?
a. network 3456::/64
b network 3456::/16
c. network 3456::1/128
d. ipv6 rip enable
e. ibv6 rip tag1 enable
9. Which of the following IPv4-to-IPv6 transition methods allows an IPv4-only host to communicate with an IPv6-only host?
a. Dual stack
b. 6to4 tunneling
c. ISATAP tunneling
d. NAT-PT
Answers.
1.A . The process starts with ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, http://www.icann.org)which owns the
entire IPv6 block space. Then ICANN assigns large address blocks to RIRs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry), the RIRs assign smaller block addresses to ISP and ISP assign smaller blocks to companies.
2.D Inside a quartet, any leading 0 can be omitted, and one sequence of 1 or more quartets of all 0s can be replaced with double colons(::). The correct answer replaces the longer 3-quartet sequence of 0s with ::
3.D Global unicast addresses begin with 2000::/3 , meaning that the first 3 bits match the value in hex 2000. Similarily, unique local addresses match FD00::/8, meaning that the first 2 hex digits are F.
4.
jueves, 1 de diciembre de 2011
Configure and Verify OSPF Routing
Config on R1
!
router ospf 1
log-adjacency-changes
passive-interface FastEthernet0/0
network 10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 172.16.1.16 0.0.0.15 area 0
network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.168.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
!
Config on R2
!
router ospf 1
log-adjacency-changes
passive-interface FastEthernet0/0
network 10.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.168.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0
!
Config on R3
!
router ospf 1
log-adjacency-changes
passive-interface FastEthernet0/0
network 10.3.3.3 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 172.16.1.32 0.0.0.7 area 0
network 192.168.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.168.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0
!
Ping from PC1 to PC2
Ping from PC1 to PC3
Verify Configuration
Why can PC1 ping PC2?
-PC1 and PC2 are in different subnets, therefore a router is needed. PC2 is in network 10.10.10.0 /24 with the ip 10.10.10.254 /24 and his gateway is 10.10.10.1. PC1 is in network 172.16.1.16 /28 with ip 172.16.1.30 and gateway 172.16.1.17.
As we see above, R2 advertises network 10.10.10.0 /24 on the ospf process 1. Becouse of this advertisement (LSA) R1 learns about this network.
R1# show ip route
O 10.10.10.0/24 [110/65] via 192.168.10.2, 00:18:34, Serial0/0/0
!
Therefor when PC1 makes the echo request with ip 10.10.10.254 as destination ip, the packet reaches the router and forwards the packte out its Serial0/0/0.
Obviously in order for the packet to return the neighbor router needs to have a route back to network 172.16.1.16.
Verifying Configuration
- Are ther any DR or BDR routers? If so, which ones? There are no DR/BDR routers, becouse the links are all Point to Point.
- Can you tell if the three have become neighbors and in which state are they?
R1#sh ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
10.2.2.2 0 FULL/ - 00:00:30 192.168.10.2 Serial0/0/0
10.3.3.3 0 FULL/ - 00:00:32 192.168.10.6 Serial0/0/1
R2#sh ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
10.1.1.1 0 FULL/ - 00:00:36 192.168.10.1 Serial0/0/0
10.3.3.3 0 FULL/ - 00:00:34 192.168.10.10 Serial0/0/1
R3#sh ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
10.1.1.1 0 FULL/ - 00:00:37 192.168.10.5 Serial0/0/0
10.2.2.2 0 FULL/ - 00:00:38 192.168.10.9 Serial0/0/1
As we can see the state is FULL with all neigbors , which means each routers knows the exact same LSDB (Link State data base) of his neighboring router. Which you can also check issuing the commando show ip ospf database.
Learn about OSPF reading the following article. It is a resume from the Cisco Netacad Plattform.
https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B7Q9m3jppUCDNDljNzA3MzctMTZiNy00NGNhLTg1ZmItNGFmOGMxNjVlMDJm
sábado, 1 de octubre de 2011
Bueno, empiezo este blog para contar mi andaduras con mis estudios en Austria. Al principio solamente hacia cursos de aleman y tambien me relacionaba con gente que estudiaba aleman, despues de unos 3 o 4 cursos de aleman, entonces empece a retomar mis estudios de informatica, las redes. Por este motivo fui enviado a un colegio un poco lejos de Graz y alli es donde estudio y me preparo para los examenes. El curso empezo en Mayo de 2011, yo empezaria a estudiar a principios de Junio, el primer examen de Cisco lo hize a principios de Septiembre, osea unos tres meses despues. Sinceramente no se muy bien como lo aprobe, no las tenia todas conmigo y la gente en el colegio creo que tampoco. A pesar de todo, se sufrio pero se consiguio. Cuando me acuerdo, pienso que bueno, que bien aver aprobado pero por otro lado la manera en que se consiguio fue digamos un poco especial. Pero bueno que mas da, mi plan de estudios era muy sencillo, leer el libro capitulo por capitulo haciendo resumenes, y luego tratar de memorizar conceptos, algo no muy tranquilizador porque el echo de memorizar cosas y no entender muy bien porque tampoco es muy alentador para la hora del examen, pues en las preguntas tienes que razonar y aplicar los conocimientos teoricos para responder correctamente, de ahi muchos de mis problemas con los nervios y la inseguridad, pero bueno tambien sirve de leccion.
Ahora estoy en la segunda parte del examen, la motivacion despues del primer examen se ha venido un poco abajo, supongo que son cosas de la tension y de las expectativas, uno se cree que lo va a tener chupado y luego resulta que no era asi. Es mejor ir poco a poco.
Los materiales que uso para estudiar son:
-Libros oficiales de Cisco Press. Wendell Odom.
-Packet Tracer
-CBT Nuggets.
-Flashcards
-Internet
Suscribirse a:
Comentarios (Atom)